dataoutput.hh

Go to the documentation of this file.

#ifndef DUNE_FEM_DATAOUTPUT_HH
#define DUNE_FEM_DATAOUTPUT_HH
 
#include <fstream>
#include <iostream>
#include <limits>
#include <memory>
#include <string>
#include <type_traits>
#include <tuple>
#include <utility>
#include <vector>
 
#ifndef USE_VTKWRITER
#define USE_VTKWRITER 1
#endif
 
#include <dune/common/hybridutilities.hh>
#include <dune/common/typeutilities.hh>
 
#include <dune/fem/common/utility.hh>
#include <dune/fem/function/adaptivefunction.hh>
#include <dune/fem/gridpart/adaptiveleafgridpart.hh>
#include <dune/fem/io/file/iointerface.hh>
#include <dune/fem/io/file/iotuple.hh>
#include <dune/fem/io/file/vtkio.hh>
#include <dune/fem/io/parameter.hh>
#include <dune/fem/operator/projection/vtxprojection.hh>
#include <dune/fem/quadrature/cachingquadrature.hh>
#include <dune/fem/solver/timeprovider.hh>
#include <dune/fem/space/common/loadbalancer.hh>
#include <dune/fem/space/common/interpolate.hh>
#include <dune/fem/gridpart/adaptiveleafgridpart.hh>
#include <dune/fem/space/lagrange.hh>
 
#ifndef ENABLE_VTXPROJECTION
#define ENABLE_VTXPROJECTION 1
#endif
 
#if USE_VTKWRITER
#include <dune/fem/io/file/vtkio.hh>
#if ENABLE_VTXPROJECTION
#include <dune/fem/operator/projection/vtxprojection.hh>
#endif // #if ENABLE_VTXPROJECTION
#endif // #if USE_VTKWRITER
 
#ifndef USE_GRAPE
#define USE_GRAPE HAVE_GRAPE
#endif
 
#if USE_GRAPE
#include <dune/grid/io/visual/grapedatadisplay.hh>
#endif
 
namespace Dune
{
 
  namespace Fem
  {
 
    struct DataOutputParameters
#ifndef DOXYGEN
    : public LocalParameter< DataOutputParameters, DataOutputParameters >
#endif
    {
    protected:
      const std::string keyPrefix_;
      ParameterReader parameter_;
 
    public:
      explicit DataOutputParameters ( std::string keyPrefix, const ParameterReader &parameter = Parameter::container() )
        : keyPrefix_( std::move( keyPrefix ) ), parameter_( parameter )
      {}
 
      explicit DataOutputParameters ( const ParameterReader &parameter = Parameter::container() )
        : keyPrefix_( "fem.io." ), parameter_( parameter )
      {}
 
      virtual std::string path() const
      {
        return parameter().getValue< std::string >( keyPrefix_ + "path", "./" );
      }
 
      virtual std::string absolutePath () const
      {
        std::string absPath = parameter().getValue< std::string >( "fem.prefix", "." ) + "/";
        const std::string relPath = path();
        if( relPath != "./" )
          absPath += relPath;
        return absPath;
      }
 
      virtual std::string prefix () const
      {
        return parameter().getValue< std::string >( keyPrefix_ + "datafileprefix", "" );
      }
 
      virtual int outputformat () const
      {
        static const std::string formatTable[]
          = { "vtk-cell", "vtk-vertex", "sub-vtk-cell", "binary" , "gnuplot" , "none" };
        int format = parameter().getEnum( keyPrefix_ + "outputformat", formatTable, 0 );
        return format;
      }
 
      virtual bool conformingoutput () const
      {
        return parameter().getValue< bool >( keyPrefix_ + "conforming", false );
      }
 
      virtual bool grapedisplay () const
      {
#if USE_GRAPE
        return (parameter().getValue( keyPrefix_ + "grapedisplay", 0 ) == 1);
#else
        return false;
#endif
      }
 
      virtual double savestep () const
      {
        return parameter().getValue< double >( keyPrefix_ + "savestep", 0 );
      }
 
      virtual int savecount () const
      {
        return parameter().getValue< int >( keyPrefix_ + "savecount", 0 );
      }
 
      virtual int subsamplingLevel() const
      {
        return parameter().getValue< int >( keyPrefix_ + "subsamplinglevel", 1 );
      }
 
      virtual int startcounter () const
      {
        return 0;
      }
 
      virtual int startcall () const
      {
        return 0;
      }
 
      virtual double startsavetime () const
      {
        return 0.0;
      }
 
      virtual bool willWrite ( bool write ) const
      {
        return write;
      }
 
      virtual bool writeMode() const
      {
        return true ;
      }
 
      const ParameterReader &parameter () const noexcept { return parameter_; }
    };
 
 
 
    template< class GridImp, class DataImp >
    class DataOutput
    : public IOInterface
    {
      typedef DataOutput< GridImp, DataImp > ThisType;
 
#if USE_VTKWRITER
      template< class VTKIOType >
      struct VTKListEntry
      {
        virtual ~VTKListEntry ()
        {}
        virtual void add ( VTKIOType & ) const = 0;
 
      protected:
        VTKListEntry ()
        {}
      };
 
#if ENABLE_VTXPROJECTION
      template< class VTKIOType, class DFType >
      class VTKFunc;
 
      template< class VTKOut >
      struct VTKOutputerLagrange;
#endif // #if ENABLE_VTXPROJECTION
 
      template< class VTKOut >
      struct VTKOutputerDG;
#endif // #if USE_VTKWRITER
 
      template< class GridPartType >
      class GnuplotOutputer;
 
      struct FileWriter
      {
        FileWriter ( std::string name )
          : file_( name )
        {
          if( !file_ )
            std::cout << "could not write file: " << name << std::endl;
        }
 
        void operator() ( const std::string &s ) { file_ << s << std::endl; }
 
      protected:
        std::ofstream file_;
      };
 
      struct PVDWriter
        : public FileWriter
      {
        PVDWriter ( std::string name )
          : FileWriter( name )
        {
          file_ << "<?xml version=\"1.0\"?>" << std::endl;
          file_ << "<VTKFile type=\"Collection\" version=\"0.1\" byte_order=\"LittleEndian\">" << std::endl;
          file_ << "  <Collection>" << std::endl;
        }
 
        ~PVDWriter ()
        {
          file_ << "  </Collection>" << std::endl;
          file_ << "</VTKFile>" << std::endl;
        }
 
        void operator() ( double sequenceStamp, std::string filename )
        {
          // cH: only use the basename of filename, Paraview will
          // prepend the leading path correctly, if the pvd-file
          // resides in the same directory as the data files.
          auto pos = filename.find_last_of( '/' );
          if( pos != filename.npos )
            filename = filename.substr( pos+1, filename.npos );
          static_cast< FileWriter & >( *this )( "    <DataSet timestep=\"" + std::to_string( sequenceStamp ) + "\" group=\"\" part=\"0\" file=\"" + filename + "\"/>" );
        }
 
      private:
        std::ofstream file_;
      };
 
    public:
      enum OutputFormat { vtk = 0, vtkvtx = 1, subvtk = 2 , binary = 3, gnuplot = 4, none = 5 };
 
      typedef GridImp GridType;
      typedef DataImp OutPutDataType;
 
    public:
      DataOutput ( const GridType &grid, OutPutDataType &data, std::unique_ptr< const DataOutputParameters > parameters );
 
      DataOutput ( const GridType &grid, OutPutDataType &data, const DataOutputParameters &parameter )
        : DataOutput( grid, data, std::unique_ptr< const DataOutputParameters >( parameter.clone() ) )
      {}
 
      DataOutput ( const GridType &grid, OutPutDataType &data, const ParameterReader &parameter = Parameter::container() )
        : DataOutput( grid, data, DataOutputParameters( parameter ) )
      {}
 
      DataOutput ( const GridType &grid, OutPutDataType &data, const TimeProviderBase &tp, std::unique_ptr< const DataOutputParameters > parameters )
        : DataOutput( grid, data, std::move( parameters ) )
      {
        consistentSaveStep( tp );
      }
 
      DataOutput ( const GridType &grid, OutPutDataType &data, const TimeProviderBase &tp, const DataOutputParameters &parameter )
        : DataOutput( grid, data, tp, std::unique_ptr< const DataOutputParameters >( parameter.clone() ) )
      {}
 
      DataOutput ( const GridType &grid, OutPutDataType &data, const TimeProviderBase &tp, const ParameterReader &parameter = Parameter::container() )
        : DataOutput( grid, data, tp, DataOutputParameters( parameter ) )
      {}
 
      void consistentSaveStep ( const TimeProviderBase &tp ) const;
 
    public:
      virtual bool willWrite ( const TimeProviderBase &tp ) const
      {
        // make save step consistent
        consistentSaveStep( tp );
 
        const double saveTimeEps = 2*std::numeric_limits< double >::epsilon()*saveTime_;
        const bool writeStep  = (saveStep_ > 0) && (tp.time() - saveTime_ >= -saveTimeEps);
        const bool writeCount = (saveCount_ > 0) && (writeCalls_ % saveCount_ == 0);
        return param_->willWrite( writeStep || writeCount );
      }
 
      virtual bool willWrite () const
      {
        return param_->willWrite( (saveCount_ > 0) && (writeCalls_ % saveCount_ == 0) );
      }
 
      void write( const std::string& outstring ) const
      {
        if( willWrite() )
          writeData( writeCalls_, outstring );
        ++writeCalls_;
      }
 
      void write() const
      {
        if( willWrite() )
          writeData( writeCalls_, "" );
        ++writeCalls_;
      }
 
      void write(const TimeProviderBase& tp, const std::string& outstring ) const
      {
        if( willWrite(tp) )
          writeData( tp.time(), outstring );
        ++writeCalls_;
      }
 
      void write( const TimeProviderBase& tp ) const
      {
        write( tp, "" );
      }
 
      void writeData ( double sequenceStamp, const std::string &outstring ) const;
 
      void writeData ( double sequenceStamp ) const
      {
        writeData( sequenceStamp, "" );
      }
 
      virtual const char* myClassName () const
      {
        return "DataOutput";
      }
 
      const std::string &path () const
      {
        return path_;
      }
 
      int writeStep() const
      {
        return writeStep_;
      }
 
      int writeCalls() const
      {
        return writeCalls_;
      }
 
      double saveTime() const
      {
        return saveTime_;
      }
 
    protected:
      auto getGridPart() const
      {
        static constexpr bool isNotEmpty = std::tuple_size< DataImp >::value > 0;
        return getGridPart( std::integral_constant< bool, isNotEmpty > () );
      }
 
      auto getGridPart( std::integral_constant< bool, false > ) const
      {
        typedef Dune::Fem::LeafGridPart< GridType > GridPartType;
        return GridPartType( const_cast<GridType&> (grid_) );
      }
 
      auto getGridPart( std::integral_constant< bool, true > ) const
      {
        return std::get< 0 >( data_ )->gridPart();
      }
 
#if USE_VTKWRITER
      std::string writeVTKOutput () const;
#endif
 
      std::string writeGnuPlotOutput () const;
 
      virtual void writeBinaryData ( const double ) const
      {
        DUNE_THROW(NotImplemented, "Format 'binary' not supported by DataOutput, use DataWriter instead." );
      }
 
      virtual void display () const
      {
        if( grapeDisplay_ )
          grapeDisplay( data_ );
      }
 
      template< class OutputTupleType >
      void grapeDisplay ( OutputTupleType &data ) const;
 
      const GridType& grid_;
      OutPutDataType data_;
 
      // name for data output
      std::string path_;
      std::string datapref_;
      // use grape display
      bool grapeDisplay_;
 
      // counter for sequence of files
      mutable int writeStep_;
      // counter for call to write
      mutable int writeCalls_;
      // next point in time to save data
      mutable double saveTime_;
      // time interval to save files
      double saveStep_;
      // number of write call between writting files
      int saveCount_;
      // grape, vtk or ...
      OutputFormat outputFormat_;
      bool conformingOutput_;
      std::unique_ptr< FileWriter > sequence_;
      std::unique_ptr< PVDWriter > pvd_;
      std::unique_ptr< const DataOutputParameters > param_;
    };
 
 
 
    // DataOutput::VTKFunc
    // -------------------
 
#if USE_VTKWRITER
#if ENABLE_VTXPROJECTION
    template< class GridImp, class DataImp >
    template< class VTKIOType, class DFType >
    class DataOutput< GridImp, DataImp >::VTKFunc
    : public VTKListEntry< VTKIOType >
    {
      typedef typename VTKIOType::GridPartType GridPartType;
      typedef typename DFType::FunctionSpaceType FunctionSpaceType;
 
      typedef LagrangeDiscreteFunctionSpace< FunctionSpaceType, GridPartType, 1 > LagrangeSpaceType;
      typedef AdaptiveDiscreteFunction< LagrangeSpaceType > NewFunctionType;
 
    public:
      VTKFunc ( const GridPartType &gridPart, const DFType &df )
      : df_( df ),
        space_( const_cast< GridPartType & >( gridPart ) )
      {}
 
      virtual void add ( VTKIOType &vtkio ) const
      {
        func_.reset( new NewFunctionType( df_.name()+"vtx-prj" , space_ ) );
        if( df_.continuous() )
        {
          interpolate( df_, *func_ );
        }
        else
        {
          WeightDefault<GridPartType> weight;
          VtxProjectionImpl::project( df_, *func_, weight );
        }
        vtkio.addVertexData( *func_ );
      }
 
      VTKFunc ( const VTKFunc & ) = delete;
 
    private:
      const DFType& df_;
      LagrangeSpaceType space_;
      mutable std::unique_ptr<NewFunctionType> func_;
    };
#endif // #if ENABLE_VTXPROJECTION
#endif // #if USE_VTKWRITER
 
 
 
    // DataOutput::VTKOutputerDG
    // -------------------------
 
#if USE_VTKWRITER
    template< class GridImp, class DataImp >
    template< class VTKOut >
    struct DataOutput< GridImp, DataImp >::VTKOutputerDG
    {
      template< class... Args >
      explicit VTKOutputerDG ( bool conforming, Args &&... args )
        : conforming_( conforming ), vtkOut_( std::forward< Args >( args )... )
      {}
 
      template< typename ...  T >
      void forEach ( const std::tuple< T ... >& data )
      {
        Hybrid::forEach( std::make_index_sequence< sizeof...( T ) >{},
          [&]( auto i ) {
                          auto df( std::get< i >( data ) );
                          if( df )
                          {
                            if( conforming_ || ( df->order() == 0 ) )
                              vtkOut_.addCellData( *df );
                            else
                              vtkOut_.addVertexData( *df );
                          }
                        });
      }
 
      template< typename T >
      void forEach ( const T& data )
      {
        std::tuple< T > tup( data );
        forEach( tup );
      }
 
      std::string write ( bool parallel, const std::string &name, const std::string &path )
      {
        return (parallel ? vtkOut_.pwrite( name, path, "." ) : vtkOut_.write( name ));
      }
 
    private:
      bool conforming_;
      VTKOut vtkOut_;
    };
#endif // #if USE_VTKWRITER
 
 
 
    // DataOutput::VTKOutputerLagrange
    // -------------------------------
 
#if USE_VTKWRITER
#if ENABLE_VTXPROJECTION
    template< class GridImp, class DataImp >
    template< class VTKOut >
    struct DataOutput< GridImp, DataImp >::VTKOutputerLagrange
    {
      template< class... Args >
      explicit VTKOutputerLagrange ( Args &&... args )
        : vtkOut_( std::forward< Args >( args )... )
      {}
 
      template< typename ...  T >
      void forEach ( const std::tuple< T ... >& data )
      {
        Hybrid::forEach( std::make_index_sequence< sizeof...( T ) >{},
          [&]( auto i ) {
                          auto df( std::get< i >( data ) );
                          if( df )
                          {
                            typedef typename std::remove_pointer< decltype( df ) >::type DFType;
                            vec_.emplace_back( new VTKFunc< VTKOut, DFType >( vtkOut_.gridPart(), *df ) );
                            vec_.back()->add( vtkOut_ );
                          }
                        });
      }
 
      template< typename T >
      void forEach ( const T& data )
      {
        std::tuple< T > tup( data );
        forEach( tup );
      }
 
      std::string write ( bool parallel, const std::string &name, const std::string &path )
      {
        return (parallel ? vtkOut_.pwrite( name, path, "." ) : vtkOut_.write( name ));
      }
 
    private:
      std::vector< std::unique_ptr< VTKListEntry< VTKOut > > > vec_;
      VTKOut vtkOut_;
    };
#endif // #if ENABLE_VTXPROJECTION
#endif // #if USE_VTKWRITER
 
 
 
    // DataOutput::GnuplotOutputer
    // ---------------------------
    template< class GridImp, class DataImp >
    template< class GridPartType >
    class DataOutput< GridImp, DataImp >::GnuplotOutputer
    {
      typedef typename GridPartType::template Codim< 0 >::IteratorType::Entity Entity;
      std::ostream& out_;
      CachingQuadrature<GridPartType,0> &quad_;
      int i_;
      const Entity& en_;
 
    public:
      GnuplotOutputer ( std::ostream& out,
                        CachingQuadrature<GridPartType,0> &quad,
                        int i,
                        const Entity &en )
      : out_(out), quad_(quad), i_(i), en_(en)
      {}
 
      template< typename ... T >
      void forEach ( const std::tuple< T ... >& data )
      {
        Hybrid::forEach( std::make_index_sequence< sizeof...( T ) >{},
          [&]( auto i ) {
                          auto df( std::get< i >( data ));
                          if( df )
                          {
                            ConstLocalFunction<std::decay_t<decltype(*df)> > lf(*df);
                            lf.bind(en_);
                            typedef typename std::remove_pointer< decltype( df ) >::type DFType;
                            typename DFType::FunctionSpaceType::RangeType u;
                            lf.evaluate( quad_[ i_ ], u );
 
                            constexpr int dimRange = DFType::FunctionSpaceType::dimRange;
                            for( auto k = 0; k < dimRange; ++k )
                              out_ << "  " << u[ k ];
                            lf.unbind();
                          }
                        });
      }
 
      template< typename T >
      void forEach ( const T& data )
      {
        std::tuple< T > tup( data );
        forEach( tup );
      }
 
    };
 
 
 
    // Implementation of DataOutput
    // ----------------------------
    template< class GridImp, class DataImp >
    inline DataOutput< GridImp, DataImp >
      ::DataOutput ( const GridType &grid, OutPutDataType &data,
                     std::unique_ptr< const DataOutputParameters > parameters )
    : grid_( grid ),
      data_( data ),
      writeStep_(0),
      writeCalls_(0),
      saveTime_(0),
      saveStep_(-1),
      saveCount_(-1),
      outputFormat_(vtkvtx),
      conformingOutput_( false ),
      param_( std::move( parameters ) )
    {
      const bool writeMode = param_->writeMode();
      path_ = param_->absolutePath();
 
      // create path if not already exists
      if( writeMode )
        IOInterface :: createGlobalPath ( grid_.comm(), path_ );
 
      // add prefix for data file
      datapref_ += param_->prefix();
 
      auto outputFormat = param_->outputformat();
      switch( outputFormat )
      {
        case 0: outputFormat_ = vtk; break;
        case 1: outputFormat_ = vtkvtx; break;
        case 2: outputFormat_ = subvtk; break;
        case 3: outputFormat_ = binary; break;
        case 4: outputFormat_ = gnuplot; break;
        case 5: outputFormat_ = none; break;
        default:
          DUNE_THROW(NotImplemented,"DataOutput::init: wrong output format");
      }
 
      conformingOutput_ = param_->conformingoutput();
 
      grapeDisplay_ = param_->grapedisplay();
 
      // get parameters for data writing
      saveStep_ = param_->savestep();
      saveCount_ = param_->savecount();
 
      // set initial quantities
      writeStep_ = param_->startcounter();
      writeCalls_ =  param_->startcall();
      saveTime_ = param_->startsavetime();
 
      if( writeMode )
      {
        // only write series file for VTK output
        if ( Parameter :: verbose() && outputFormat_ < binary )
        {
          sequence_.reset( new FileWriter( path_ + "/" + datapref_ + ".series" ) );
          pvd_.reset( new PVDWriter( path_ + "/" + datapref_ + ".pvd" ) );
        }
 
        // write parameter file
        Parameter::write("parameter.log");
      }
    }
 
 
    template< class GridImp, class DataImp >
    inline void DataOutput< GridImp, DataImp >
      ::consistentSaveStep ( const TimeProviderBase &tp ) const
    {
      // set old values according to new time
      if( saveStep_ > 0 )
      {
        const auto oldTime = tp.time() - saveStep_;
        while( saveTime_ <= oldTime )
        {
          ++writeStep_;
          saveTime_ += saveStep_;
        }
      }
    }
 
 
    template< class GridImp, class DataImp >
    inline void DataOutput< GridImp, DataImp >
      ::writeData ( double sequenceStamp, const std::string &outstring ) const
    {
      std::string filename;
      // check online display
      display();
      switch( outputFormat_ )
      {
        // if no output was chosen just return
        case none: break ;
        case binary: writeBinaryData( sequenceStamp ); break;
        case vtk :
        case vtkvtx :
        case subvtk :
#if USE_VTKWRITER
          // write data in vtk output format
          filename = writeVTKOutput();
          break;
#else
          DUNE_THROW(NotImplemented,"DataOutput::write: VTKWriter was disabled by USE_VTKWRITER 0");
#endif // #if USE_VTKWRITER
        case gnuplot : filename = writeGnuPlotOutput(); break;
        default:
          DUNE_THROW(NotImplemented,"DataOutput::write: wrong output format = " << outputFormat_);
      }
 
      if( outputFormat_ != none )
      {
        if( sequence_ )
          (*sequence_)( std::to_string( writeStep_ ) + " " + filename + " " + std::to_string( sequenceStamp ) + outstring );
 
        if( pvd_ )
          (*pvd_)( sequenceStamp, filename );
 
        if( Parameter::verbose() )
        {
          // only write info for proc 0, otherwise on large number of procs
          // this is to much output
          std::cout << myClassName() << "[" << grid_.comm().rank() << "]::write data"
                    << " writestep=" << writeStep_
                    << " sequenceStamp=" << sequenceStamp
                    << outstring
                    << std::endl;
        }
      }
 
      saveTime_ += saveStep_;
      ++writeStep_;
    }
 
#if USE_VTKWRITER
    template< class GridImp, class DataImp >
    inline std::string DataOutput< GridImp, DataImp >::writeVTKOutput () const
    {
      std::string filename;
      // check whether to use vertex data of discontinuous data
      const bool vertexData = (outputFormat_ == vtkvtx);
 
      // check whether we have parallel run
      const bool parallel = (grid_.comm().size() > 1);
 
      // generate filename, with path only for serial run
      auto name = generateFilename( (parallel ? datapref_ : path_ + "/" + datapref_ ), writeStep_ );
 
      // get GridPart
      const auto& gridPart = getGridPart();
      typedef typename std::decay< decltype( gridPart ) >::type GridPartType;
 
      if( vertexData )
      {
#if ENABLE_VTXPROJECTION
        // create vtk output handler
        VTKOutputerLagrange< VTKIO< GridPartType > > io( gridPart, VTK::conforming, param_->parameter() );
 
        // add all functions
        io.forEach( data_ );
 
        // write all data
        filename = io.write( parallel, name, path_ );
#endif
      }
      else if ( outputFormat_ == vtk )
      {
        // create vtk output handler
        VTKOutputerDG< VTKIO< GridPartType > > io( conformingOutput_, gridPart, conformingOutput_ ? VTK::conforming : VTK::nonconforming, param_->parameter() );
 
        // add all functions
        io.forEach( data_ );
 
        // write all data
        filename = io.write( parallel, name, path_ );
      }
      else if ( outputFormat_ == subvtk )
      {
        // create vtk output handler
        VTKOutputerDG< SubsamplingVTKIO < GridPartType > > io( conformingOutput_, gridPart, static_cast< unsigned int >( param_->subsamplingLevel() ), param_->parameter() );
 
        // add all functions
        io.forEach( data_ );
 
        // write all data
        filename = io.write( parallel, name, path_ );
      }
      return filename;
    }
#endif // #if USE_VTKWRITER
 
 
    template< class GridImp, class DataImp >
    inline std::string DataOutput< GridImp, DataImp >::writeGnuPlotOutput () const
    {
      // generate filename
      auto name = generateFilename( path_ + "/" + datapref_, writeStep_ );
      name += ".gnu";
      std::ofstream gnuout(name.c_str());
      gnuout << std::scientific << std::setprecision( 16 );
 
      // start iteration
      const auto& gridPart = getGridPart();
      typedef typename std::decay< decltype( gridPart ) >::type GridPartType;
      for( const auto& entity : elements( gridPart ) )
      {
        CachingQuadrature< GridPartType, 0 > quad( entity, 1 );
        for( decltype(quad.nop()) i = 0; i < quad.nop(); ++i )
        {
          const auto x = entity.geometry().global( quad.point( i ) );
          for( auto k = 0; k < x.dimension; ++k )
            gnuout << (k > 0 ? " " : "") << x[ k ];
          GnuplotOutputer< GridPartType > io( gnuout, quad, i, entity );
          io.forEach( data_ );
          gnuout << std::endl;
        }
      }
      return name;
    }
 
 
#if USE_GRAPE
    template< class GridImp, class DataImp >
    template< class OutputTupleType >
    inline void DataOutput< GridImp, DataImp >::grapeDisplay ( OutputTupleType &data ) const
    {
      GrapeDataDisplay<GridType> grape(grid_);
      IOTuple<OutPutDataType>::addToDisplay(grape,data);
      grape.display();
    }
#else
    template< class GridImp, class DataImp >
    template< class OutputTupleType >
    inline void DataOutput< GridImp, DataImp >::grapeDisplay ( OutputTupleType &data ) const
    {
      std::cerr << "WARNING: HAVE_GRAPE == 0, but grapeDisplay == true, recompile with grape support for online display!" << std::endl;
    }
#endif
 
 
 
    namespace Impl
    {
 
      // makeIOTuple
      // -----------
 
      template< class DF >
      inline static auto makeSingleIOTuple ( DF &&df, PriorityTag< 1 > )
        -> std::enable_if_t< std::is_reference< DF >::value && std::is_base_of< Fem::HasLocalFunction, std::decay_t< DF > >::value,
                             std::tuple< std::decay_t< DF > * > >
      {
        return std::make_tuple( &df );
      }
 
      template< class DF >
      inline static auto makeSingleIOTuple ( DF &&df, PriorityTag< 0 > )
        -> std::tuple<>
      {
        return {};
      }
 
      template< class... Args >
      inline static auto makeIOTuple ( Args &&... args )
      {
        return std::tuple_cat( makeSingleIOTuple( std::forward< Args >( args ), PriorityTag< 42 >() )... );
      }
 
 
 
      // getDataOutputParameters
      // -----------------------
 
      inline static auto getSingleDataOutputParameters ( std::unique_ptr< const DataOutputParameters > parameters )
      {
        return std::make_tuple( std::move( parameters ) );
      }
 
      inline static auto getSingleDataOutputParameters ( const DataOutputParameters &parameters )
      {
        return std::make_tuple( std::unique_ptr< const DataOutputParameters >( parameters.clone() ) );
      }
 
      inline static auto getSingleDataOutputParameters ( const ParameterReader &parameter )
      {
        return std::make_tuple( std::make_unique< const DataOutputParameters >( parameter ) );
      }
 
      template< class Arg >
      inline static auto getSingleDataOutputParameters ( Arg &&arg, PriorityTag< 1 > )
        -> decltype( getSingleDataOutputParameters( std::declval< Arg >() ) )
      {
        return getSingleDataOutputParameters( std::forward< Arg >( arg ) );
      }
 
      template< class Arg >
      inline static std::tuple<> getSingleDataOutputParameters ( Arg &&arg, PriorityTag< 0 > )
      {
        return {};
      }
 
      template< class... Args >
      inline static auto getDataOutputParametersTuple ( Args &&... args )
        -> decltype( std::tuple_cat( getSingleDataOutputParameters( std::declval< Args >(), PriorityTag< 42 >() )... ) )
      {
        return std::tuple_cat( getSingleDataOutputParameters( std::forward< Args >( args ), PriorityTag< 42 >() )... );
      }
 
      template< class... Args >
      inline static auto getDataOutputParameters ( Args &&... args )
        -> std::enable_if_t< (std::tuple_size< decltype( getDataOutputParametersTuple( std::declval< Args >()... ) ) >::value == 0), std::unique_ptr< const DataOutputParameters > >
      {
        return std::make_unique< const DataOutputParameters >( Parameter::container() );
      }
 
      template< class... Args >
      inline static auto getDataOutputParameters ( Args &&... args )
        -> std::enable_if_t< (std::tuple_size< decltype( getDataOutputParametersTuple( std::declval< Args >()... ) ) >::value > 0), std::unique_ptr< const DataOutputParameters > >
      {
        static_assert( (std::tuple_size< decltype( Impl::getDataOutputParametersTuple( std::declval< Args >()... ) ) >::value == 1), "Cannot pass multiple DataOutputParameters to DataOutput" );
        return std::get< 0 >( getDataOutputParametersTuple( std::forward< Args >( args )... ) );
      }
 
 
 
      // ValidDataOutputArgument
      // -----------------------
 
      template< class Arg, class = void >
      struct ValidDataOutputArgument
        : public std::false_type
      {};
 
      template< class DF >
      struct ValidDataOutputArgument< DF, std::enable_if_t< std::is_base_of< Fem::HasLocalFunction, std::decay_t< DF > >::value > >
        : public std::true_type
      {};
 
      template< class Arg >
      struct ValidDataOutputArgument< Arg, void_t< decltype( getSingleDataOutputParameters( std::declval< Arg >() ) ) > >
        : public std::true_type
      {};
 
    } // namespace Impl
 
 
 
    // dataOutput
    // ----------
 
    template< class Grid, class... Args, std::enable_if_t< Std::And( Impl::ValidDataOutputArgument< Args >::value... ), int > = 0 >
    inline static auto dataOutput ( const Grid &grid, Args &&... args )
    {
      auto ioTuple = Impl::makeIOTuple( std::forward< Args >( args )... );
      auto parameters = Impl::getDataOutputParameters( std::forward< Args >( args )... );
      return DataOutput< Grid, decltype( ioTuple ) >( grid, ioTuple, std::move( parameters ) );
    }
 
    template< class Grid, class... Args, std::enable_if_t< Std::And( Impl::ValidDataOutputArgument< Args >::value... ), int > = 0 >
    inline static auto dataOutput ( const Grid &grid, const TimeProviderBase &tp, Args &&... args )
    {
      auto ioTuple = Impl::makeIOTuple( std::forward< Args >( args )... );
      auto parameters = Impl::getDataOutputParameters( std::forward< Args >( args )... );
      return DataOutput< Grid, decltype( ioTuple ) >( grid, ioTuple, tp, std::move( parameters ) );
    }
 
  } // namespace Fem
 
} // namespace Dune
 
#endif // #ifndef DUNE_FEM_DATAOUTPUT_HH